ISLANDS

islands

The islands are ground extents  surrounded by water  of any share.

One finds islands not far from the continental coasts, or on the contrary in the beautiful medium of the seas and the oceans. Some  are insulated, others are joined together in  a group of other islands  (it is what one calls  an archipelago).

Certain islands is of volcanic  origin  (they were created by volcanic eruptions), others of coral  origin  (they are formed by coral reefs), as it is the case of  the atolls. Some are due to the erosion of marine rocks. Others, like Madagascar or Corsica, originate in the movements of the continental plates (plate tectonics): in fact pieces of the earth's crust are separate continents. Lastly, certain islands are the result of  a rise in the sea level: only the reliefs emergent and are isolated in the mediums from water.

Isolated from the continents, the islands often shelter many animal and vegetable species "original", that one does not find nowhere elsewhere in the world (one speaks about endemic species). In Madagascar for example, 85 % of the plants and 90 % of the animals are endemic.

TO GO FURTHER 

? seas and oceans

 ©  2013   www.amanitheophile.blogspot.com. All rights reserved.

INCAS

Incas

The INCA Empire is founded  starting from  the xii ^E century by Quechuas, populates originating in the valley of Cuzco, in Peru.

To the xv ^E century, under the action of the sovereign god  Viracocha, he knows a significant growth and grows rich by many territories and new people. Its apogee dates from the beginning of  the xvi ^E century.

The death of the last resistant sovereign,  Túpac Amaru, carried out by the Spanish conquerors in 1572, mark its final destruction.

RELIGIOUS LIFE

The emperor, also appointed by the word "INCA", which means "Wire of the Sun", is regarded as  an alive god. He is venerated by the whole of the population. The religious life of Incas also rests on the worship of divinities like Inti, the god sun, but especially on the returned worship with Viracocha, god of the creative sky of the Universe, to which Incas offer  many sacrifices.

THE INCA COMPANY

Very treated on a hierarchical basis and divided into castes, the INCA company is dominated by an elite belonging mainly to the family of the sovereign. The empire is subjected to a very rigorous administrative cutting and a permanent control of the representatives of the State.

The agriculture, based on  the culture of corn and potato, occupies a very significant place. Incas are also of  large manufacturers. They trace many roads which facilitate displacements in the heart of their gigantic Empire and raise many religious and administrative buildings.

The principal historic sites of the INCA Empire are  Cuzco, the capital, where a famous temple of the Sun is built, and the city fortress of  Machu Picchu.

The INCA craft industry is consisted by the work of bronze and especially  the weaving of the fabrics  which have a great value.

TO GO FURTHER

? mythologies amérindiennes
? Mayas
? Olmèques
? Toltèques

? interactivity:  chronology of the Middle Ages

© 2013 " www.amanitheophile.blogspot.com ".  All rights reserved.

INDIA

India

India is a country of Asia.

ESSENTIAL DATA

One often speaks about Indian sub-continent  to evoke the Indian peninsula. The relief of India is marked by the presence of part of the Himalayas  (the highest assembly line of the world) and of  3 immense rivers: Indus, Gange (a river crowned for the hindouists) and Brahmapoutre. The climate is characterized by  monsoons  (violent rains of summer).

India is the 2 ^E country more populated world  (after China): its population represents nearly 17 % of the world population. More than  1 600 ethniques communities  and more than  3 000 languages and dialects  (18 are official languages) cohabit on the territory of India. The Indian company is characterized by  the system of the castes, i.e. a social organization in which the hierarchical order depends in particular on heredity and the religion.

Agriculture is the principal economic branch of industry of India, which is the 2 ^E producing world of  rice.

India
Name	Indian union
Population	1 095 352 000 inhabitants in 2006
Capital	New Delhi (11 680 000 inhabitants)
Surface	3 165 596 km²
Administrative cutting	28 States, 7 territories of the Union
Principal cities	Calcutta/Kolkata (13 216 546 inhabitants)
	Bombay/Mumbai (11 914 398 inhabitants)
	Delhi (12 791 458 inhabitants)
	New Delhi (11 680 000 inhabitants)
	Madras (6 424 624 inhabitants)
	Bangalore (5 686 844 inhabitants)
	Hyderabad (5 533 640 inhabitants)
	Ahmedabad (4 519 278 inhabitants)
	Kanpur (2 690 486 inhabitants)
	Nagpur (2 122 965 inhabitants)
Currency	Indian rupee
Official languages	hindi
	English
	assamais
	bengali
	gujarati
	kashmiri
	marathe
	oriya
	pandjabi
	sindhi
	ourdou
	Sanskrit
	tamoul
	télougou
	will kannara
	malayalam

A HISTORIC INSIGHT

Age of Indus  east one of the first which knows the Indian peninsula, from 2500 to 1800 before J-C approximately. The history of India is then marked by  the Aryan invasions: these people from Central Asia are at the origin of  the system of the castes. Gradually, the political organization evolves/moves, with the appearance of republics and kingdoms. In the same way, the hindouism  then  Buddhism  become the principal religions. Following the kingdom of Magadha, which is at the origin of  a first unification of India,  the dynasties  follow one another, in particular Maurya and Gupta (which is regarded as the golden age of the traditional culture in India). Of  the xi ^E  to  the xvii ^E centuries, the country is subjected to  the Moslem invasions and mogholes.

European colonization  (Portugal, Holland, France and Great Britain) starts as of  the xvi ^E century. It is finally  the British Empire  which manages to dominate the country.The first revolts against this authority take place in 1849. They are continued by  Mohandas Gandhi  in the years 1920 and 1930. India obtains its  independence in 1947. However, the country knows since many  religious and territorial conflicts.

TO GO FURTHER

? Asia
? the largest town of India:  Bombay

? colonizing Europe to  the xix ^E century
? decolonization
? Mohandas Gandhi

©  2013 " www.amanitheophile.blogspot.com ".  All rights reserved.