JULES CESAR

Jules César

Jules César (towards 100-44 before J-C.) is a General and a statesman of  the Roman Republic, during  Antiquity.

Born in Rome, Jules César (in Latin Caius Julius Caesar) comes from a noble family. He exiles himself in Asia during the dictatorship of Sylla (82-79 before J-C). Then, of return in Rome in 73 before J-C, it undertakes a political career. In 60, it forms with Pompée, a very popular General, and Crassus, a rich businessman and influence,  the first triumvirat: thanks to this alliance, it obtains the load of consul. It engages in  the war of Gaules  and beats Vercingétorix at the time of  the battle of Alésia, into 52.

In 48 before J-C, César  walks on Rome  with his army. He fights Pompée, last obstacle before a capacity without division, and is made name dictator. From now on only with the orders of the Roman Republic, it undertakes deep reforms which ensure him of the increasingly significant capacities.  Proclaimed dictator with life  into 44, it  is assassinated  the same year by a group of senators.

Jules César became a mythical character who inspired by many writers. Its name gave the words  tsar  and  Kaiser,  who designated the Russian sovereigns and the German emperors.

TO GO FURTHER

? ancient Rome
? to be Gallo-Roman
?to be a Roman légionary
?the battle of Alésia
?Pumped –Vercingétorix
?interactivity:  chronology of ancient Rome
?play:  characters of Antiquity

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KARL MARX

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (1818-1883) is  a philosopher,  an economist  and  a German revolutionist  of  the xix ^E century. He is the cofounder of the theory of "the class struggle", with Friedrich Engels.

Obliged to leave Germany because of his political opinions, Karl Marx takes refuge in Paris, where it meets in 1844 Friedrich Engels, a German economist. Together, they decide to make  Communism  incipient a scientific theory, but also to put it in practice by organizing an international movement of  the working class.

In 1848, they publish  Proclamation of the Communist Party,  in which the history is presented like a succession of fights between the dominant classes (called  employers) and the dominated classes ( proletariat). Exiled in England then in the United States, Karl Marx develops his economic theory in an immense work,  the Capital.

Its ideas, which are indicated by the name of  Marxism, inspired after its death the Bolchevism and Communism, as several European socialist currents which play today still a significant role in the political life.

TO GO FURTHER

? the world to  the xix ^E century
?economy

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JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963) is an American statesman of  the xx ^E century. He was  a president of the United States  of 1961 to 1963; he was assassinated during his mandate.

Member of the democratic Party, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) starts after the Second World war a brilliant political career. In 1960, it becomes at 43 years the 35 ^E  and  the youngest president of the United States.

Inside the country, John Kennedy fights for more  social justice  and proposes a series of laws more ensuring the American Blacks equality (these laws are finally voted in 1964, after its death). Whereas the crises with the Soviet Union worsen, John Kennedy wishes the end of  the cold war. In parallel, it shows being wary vis-a-vis the rise communist modes and sends 16 000 men in Viêt Nam of the South.

November 22, 1963, whereas it is in shift in Dallas to defend its re-election with the presidential election, John Kennedy  is assassinated  under conditions still badly cleared up.

TO GO FURTHER 

? the cold war
? the world since  the xx ^E century

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KENYA

Kenya

Kenya is a country of East Africa, giving on the Indian Ocean.

Relief of Kenya east made up of a broad  arid or semi-arid plate, which covers most of north and is country. In the central zone,  the large volcanic assembly lines  culminate with 5 199 meters of altitude (with the Kenya mount). Lastly, more in the west,  the Valley Rift  is marked by an abrupt cliff succession. Kenya has more than 400 km of coasts bordered of islands. The country has almost the totality of the lake Turkana and a small part of Lake Victoria (the largest Africa Lake). Kenya is famous for its  fauna,  rich in savage animals: antelopes, elephants, rhinocéros, zebras, giraffes, lions and other large cat-like, various birds, reptiles, etc. In order to protect these species, of many  national parks and reserves  were created; these protected surfaces are located in savanna, represent more than 10 % of the territory and attract many tourists.

The population of Kenya is made up many African people (among which Kikuyu and Massaïs) and includes/understands also Indian, European, Arab minorities and somali. The majority of Kenyans are  Christian  (approximately 65 %), but  the animists  constitute a significant minority (more than 25 %).

The majority of Kenyans saw agriculture. The country is self-sufficing in basic foodstuffs (cereals, vegetables, canes with sugar, pineapple, groundnuts, etc), and the principal commercial culture is  the tea. The breeding  (sheep, oxen, goats) is a significant activity.  The hydroelectric production  of the dams Kiambare and Turkwell constitutes the greatest industrial richness of Kenya, which does not need to import in the energy field.  Tourism  became a considerable source of income. However, Kenya remains depend on the international assistance; its foreign debt is very heavy. 

Kenya
Population	36,9 million inhabitants in 2007
Capital	Nairobi (2 143 020 inhabitants in 1999)
Surface	582 646 km²
Official language	English and swahili
Currency	shilling of Kenya

TO GO FURTHER

? Africa

? the capital of Kenya:  Nairobi

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