Hebrews
Populate Antiquity, the Hebrews have a characteristic which
distinguishes them from other ancient civilizations: they believe in a
single god, that they call Yahvé.
Their history is at the origin of three
great religions of today: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
The BIBLICAL EXODUS
According to the Bible, the Hebrews flee
Egypt (of the New Empire) where they are reduced to slavery and go, under the
control of Moïse, in the country of Canaan which they call Israel. It is
during this voyage (called the Exodus in the Bible) that Moïse receives from Yahvé
the Ten Commands, base of their religion.
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Ten Commands
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1
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You will not have other gods in front of
me. You will make no image carved, nothing which resembles what is in the
skies, up there, or on the ground, ici-bas, or in water, below the ground.
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2
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You will not prosterneras yourself in
front of these gods and you will not serve them.
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3
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You will not pronounce the name of Yahvé
your God with forgery.
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4
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You will remember the day of the Sabbath
to sanctify it. During six days you will work and you will make all your
work; but the seventh day is a Sabbath for Yahvé your God.
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5
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Honour your father and your mother.
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6
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You will not kill.
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7
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You will not make adultery.
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8
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You will not fly.
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9
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You will not carry untrue testimony
against your next.
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10
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You will not covet the house of your
next. You will covet the woman of your next, neither his servant, neither his
maidservant, neither his ox, nor his ass, nothing of what is with your next.
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The CREATION OF The ROYAU ME Of ISRAEL
Once installed in the country of Canaan,
the Hebrews must fight against their neighbors (Philistins). For that, they
give each other a single king, Saül, into 1020 before J-C Its successor, David,
creates the Jerusalem capital.
Solomon, third king d' Israël, makes build the
first Temple dedicated to Yahvé. The kingdom of Israel, flourishing, is then
with its territorial apogee. But with died of Solomon, it loses half of its
territory and it is divided into two small kingdoms:
–in the south, the kingdom of Juda, with
Jerusalem for capital;
–in north, the kingdom of Israel, whose
capital is Samarie.
EXILE With the DIASPORA
The two new kingdoms undergo the attacks
of the close people. To the viii E century before
J-C, Assyriens seize the kingdom of Israel. A little later in 587 before J-C,
Jerusalem, the capital of the second kingdom, is taken by Babyloniens de
Nabuchodonosor II. The Temple of Solomon is destroyed, and the population is
off-set. It is the Exile described in the Bible.
In 539 before J-C, when Babylon passes
under the domination of Perses, part of the deportees obtains the right to turn
over in the country of Canaan; they are called Judéens.
The country is again conquered by the
Macedonian Alexandre the Large one (into 332 before J-C), then by the Roman
General Pompée (in 63 before J-C). The kingdom of Judaea becomes a
Roman province. More than one hundred years later, in 70 after J-C, the
Jews try a great revolt but they are subdued by the Roman capacity: the new
Temple of Jerusalem is shaved and the Jews of Judaea must flee. It is the Diaspora of the Bible.
TO GO FURTHER
? the old Middle East
? characters: Alexandre the Large one –Moïse –Nabuchodonosor II –Pumped
? Judaism
? Christianity
? Islam
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